Contaminated groundwater produced by hydraulic fracturing can be stored in surface ponds, or lagoons. These are massive surface ponds in which fracking water is stored until it can be recycled or buried or is left to slowly evaporate. In these cases, an impermeable liner is used in order to prevent the water from seeping deeper into the soil.
Covers or runoff control measures are used to prevent precipitation from entering the lagoon and overflowing.
