Lots of fish can thrive in an artificial nursery pond, your particular conditions and the size of your set-up will determine which fish is best for you. Some fish grow very quickly, like the popular options tilapia or catfish. Other fish are particularly resistant to poor conditions, stress, or diseases, like tuna or salmon.
While most fish prefer and will grow best in warm climates, there are always exceptions. Different species will prefer more or less dissolved oxygen, or be able to handle poorer conditions than others. Consider how often you plan to harvest your fish, and how much time and money you're willing to invest into maintaining water conditions.
