Introduction
In winter sports venues, the construction of snowmaking reservoirs is a crucial behind-the-scenes operation. Natural and engineered reservoirs represent the lifeblood of artificial snow production and ensure reliable and consistent winter wonderlands for enthusiasts. This article will provide a step-by-step exploration of snowmaking reservoir construction, from initial excavation and grading to methods for minimizing harmful environmental impacts.
Constructing a Snowmaking Reservoir Step-by-Step
Site Preparation
As discussed in our previous article on Planning and Designing Snowmaking Reservoirs, the first step in constructing a snowmaking reservoir involves selecting an appropriate site. Once a site has been identified and all necessary permits obtained, site preparation begins with establishing appropriate erosion control measures to prevent environmental damage from runoff once the soil has been disturbed. Next comes the work of clearing vegetation to create a clear construction site and performing a detailed topographical survey to understand the landscape’s variations. Obstacles that may impede construction, such as rocks or debris, should be removed.
Additional drainage measures may need to be implemented at this point in construction to prevent water accumulation and ensure stability during construction. Thorough site preparation facilitates a smooth building effort by laying the groundwork for subsequent excavation and grading activities.
Excavation and Grading
Commence Excavation
- Begin excavation according to the approved design plans, utilizing heavy equipment such as excavators.
- Remove soil and other materials to the required depth, creating the initial structure for the reservoir.
- Ensure that excavation and grading activities align with the overall design plan for the snowmaking reservoir.
- Collaborate with engineering and design teams to address any adjustments needed during construction.
Grade the Site
- Implement grading techniques to establish a smooth and stable foundation for the reservoir.
- Use grading equipment to achieve the desired slope and contour, ensuring uniformity across the construction site.
- Incorporate precision grading to excavate trenches within the reservoir area, creating pathways for inflow and outflow pipes.
Quality Assurance
- Conduct regular quality assurance checks during excavation and grading to confirm adherence to design specifications.
- Address any deviations promptly to maintain construction integrity and align with project goals.
Excavation and grading are foundational steps in constructing a snowmaking reservoir, requiring precision, compliance with environmental standards, and a commitment to safety. A well-executed excavation and grading process sets the groundwork for subsequent construction phases and contributes to the overall success and sustainability of the snowmaking reservoir project.
Liner Selection and Installation
Liners are an essential element of snowmaking reservoirs, acting as a crucial barrier to prevent water seepage and maintaining the reservoir’s water supply for snow production. While the initial expense of liners may be significant, their role in preventing water loss and facilitating prolonged snow production justifies the investment.
Liner Selection
- Choosing geomembrane liner material, usually a high-quality, durable geomembrane (e.g. RPE or HDPE), is based on factors such as impermeability, puncture resistance, flexibility, and resistance to cold.
- Consider the expected lifespan of the reservoir when balancing initial cost and liner quality. Replacing an inexpensive liner for an entire reservoir after ten years is much more expensive than paying for a liner that can last 50 years or more.
- Environmental impact and sustainability aspects should also be considered.
Detailed Site Preparation
- Verify that the excavation and grading phases are completed according to design specifications.
- Clear the construction site of debris and ensure a clean, smooth surface for liner placement.
Liner Placement
- Unroll and unfold the geomembrane liner across the excavated area according to the supplier’s instructions, starting from one end of the reservoir.
- Smooth out wrinkles and eliminate air pockets to ensure uninterrupted contact with the graded surface.
Sealing and Overlapping
- If multiple panels are required, overlap adjoining liner sections to ensure a tight, durable, and leakproof seal.
- Use appropriate sealing techniques for the chosen geomembrane material between panels, which may involve heat welding or specialized adhesives.
Penetrations for Inflow/Outflow Systems
- Install openings or penetrations in the liner to accommodate inflow/outflow pipes and valves.
- Specialized pipe boots and other accessories help eliminate leaks around penetrations and maintain the liner’s structural integrity.
Quality Assurance and Testing
- Conduct thorough inspections during and after liner installation to identify defects or imperfections.
- Perform leak testing to verify the geomembrane’s effectiveness in preventing water seepage.
Inflow and Outflow Systems
The inflow system in a snowmaking reservoir is designed to direct water from its source (such as a river or stormwater runoff) into the reservoir.
In contrast, the outflow system in a snowmaking reservoir is designed to manage water levels within the reservoir by allowing controlled drainage when necessary. This drainage can serve various purposes, such as preventing overflow, adjusting water levels for maintenance, or managing water levels based on seasonal needs.
Inflow Pipe Installation
- Lay and secure the inflow pipes in the designated trenches, connecting them to the water source.
- Implement proper sealing techniques at pipe joints to prevent leaks and ensure a secure fit.
Outflow System Integration
- Install outflow pipes to facilitate the controlled release of water from the reservoir.
- Integrate valves and control mechanisms to manage the outflow and regulate water levels.
Inflow and outflow systems are critical elements of a snowmaking pond. Precise design and installation enable controlled water flow, preventing potential issues such as reservoir overflow or inadequate water supply. Strategic integration of inflow and outflow components is essential for the overall functionality and success of the snowmaking pond.
Aeration Systems
During reservoir construction, diffusers or other aeration devices may be installed at various depths within the reservoir. Aeration systems are central to water quality in snowmaking ponds and provide several additional benefits.
Aeration enhances oxygen levels and facilitates the exchange of gasses in the water, preventing stagnation and associated water quality problems, including excessive algae growth.
The water movement induced by deep water aeration prevents thermal stratification and mixes cooler water, which usually sinks to the bottom throughout the reservoir. This mixing keeps the water colder during ski season, especially during early-season snowmaking, mitigating the need for expensive, power-hungry artificial coolers.
By promoting water circulation, aeration systems also help prevent ice formation, ensuring the water remains accessible to snowmaking equipment even in colder temperatures.
Water Quality Management
During the construction of snowmaking reservoirs, essential water quality management features are included to ensure the suitability of water for snow production and to protect the equipment involved. Here are some key components related to water quality management that are commonly installed during construction:
Sediment Basins
Sediment basins are built to capture and settle suspended particles in incoming water. The basins help prevent sedimentation in the reservoir, ensuring the water remains clear and free from debris that could impact snow quality and equipment performance.
Filtration Systems
Filtration systems are integrated into the water supply infrastructure to remove impurities and fine particles. These systems enhance water quality by providing an additional layer of purification.
Water Testing and Monitoring Stations
Monitoring stations with sensors and testing equipment are strategically placed to monitor water quality parameters. Regular monitoring helps identify any fluctuations and enables prompt adjustments and interventions to maintain optimal conditions for snowmaking.
Chemical Treatment Systems
Chemical treatment systems may be employed to address specific water quality issues. Treatments can include adding chemicals to control pH levels, prevent the growth of algae or bacteria, and optimize water conditions for snow production.
Conclusion
Integrating key components plays a pivotal role in ensuring snowmaking operations run smoothly in the construction of snowmaking reservoirs. Site preparation, liner selection, inflow and outflow systems, and water quality management features establish the foundation for efficiency and a long lifespan.
